Proč se v posledních letech tolik mluví o intenzivním zájmu Číny o spolupráci se střední a východní Evropou? Ekonomické a politické vztahy mezi zeměmi střední a východní Evropy a Číny v poslední době je nutné vnímat v rámci významných globálních politicko-ekonomických proměn a otřesů, které se urychlily od globální ekonomické krize v roce 2008. Výsledkem je evidentní ekonomický a politický pokles globálního významu západních zemí a posilování multipolárního světa, včetně nárůstu Číny, která od krize čím dál tím více hledá náhradu za povadlou spolupráci se západními zeměmi v ostatních oblastech světa.
Svoji kooperaci fakticky se všemi makroregiony světa realizuje ve strategické koncepci své vlastní verze globální spolupráce: Nové hedvábné cesty neboli Iniciativě pásma a cesty. Nejedná se ani o verzi bývalé RVHP, ani o západní verzi ve formě neoliberální globalizace, ale o vlastní čínský projekt. Spolupráce se západními zeměmi EU a s USA přitom samozřejmě pro Čínu zůstává důležitá, ale aktualizovaná obnova historické hedvábné cesty přinesla nové formy spolupráce Číny s Evropou a Afrikou a v posledních dvou letech rovněž s Latinskou Amerikou. Země střední a východní Evropy však nejsou jen jedním z mnoha makroregionů v tomto projektu, ale makroregionem, na něž se Čína skutečně intenzivně zaměřuje. Neopominutelným důvodem je, že tento makroregion je – necháme-li stranou západní země s Japonskem a Jižní Koreou – nejrozvinutější oblastí.
Hlavní trasy spolupráce Číny s ostatními makroregiony světa
Minulý týden (27. 11.) se konal každoroční summit premiérů (heads of governments) zemí střední a východní Evropy a Číny, který zhodnotil dosavadní pětiletou spolupráci platformy 16+1. První zasedání summitu se uskutečnilo ve Varšavě před pěti lety v roce 2012. Právě tam vznikla platforma spolupráce 16+1, tedy 16 bývalých socialistických zemí střední a východní Evropy a Číny. Platforma 16+1 zahrnuje 11 zemí Evropské unie a dalších 5 zemí na Balkáně. Konkrétně: tři pobaltské země (Estonsko, Lotyšsko, Litvu), země V4 (Polsko, Česko, Slovensko, Maďarsko), země bývalé Jugoslávie (Srbsko, Chorvatsko, Slovinsko, Makedonii, Bosnu a Hercegovinu, Černou horu), Rumunsko, Bulharsko a Albánii. Do platformy 16+1 tedy nepatří Rusko, Bělorusko či Ukrajina, s nimiž Čína spolupracuje v další makroregionální platformě. Další summity premiérů 16+1 se po Varšavě konaly v Bělehradě v roce 2013, v Bukurešti v roce 2014, v Su-čou v Číně v roce 2015, v Rize v roce 2016 a letos minulý týden v Budapešti. Akce zahrnovaly také vědecké konference, které se věnovaly tématu 16+1.
Spolupráce 16+1: země EU – tmavě červená; ostatní země – světle červená
Zatímco před vznikem platformy 16+1 se jednalo především o ekonomickou spolupráci, čím dál tím více dochází k rozšíření kooperace na další oblasti. Platforma se zaměřuje na ekonomickou, dopravní, kulturní, vědeckou, vzdělávací a další spolupráci. V oblasti ekonomiky bylo poměrně snadné multiplikovat původně malý objem obchodu mezi zeměmi střední a východní Evropy a Čínou. Složitější pak samozřejmě bylo již relativně rozvinutý obchod dále rozvíjet. V roce 2001 byl objem obchodu zemí střední a východní Evropy a Číny jen 4,3 miliardy USD, v 2009 činil už 32 miliard USD, v roce 2011 byl 52 miliard USD a v 2016 dosáhl 58 miliard USD. Spolupráce však není vyvážená vzhledem ke všem uvedeným zemím, neboť 80% veškerého obchodu je především se zeměmi V4 plus Rumunskem. Z ostatních zemí pak nejvíce tvoří obchod se Srbskem, které je pro Čínu hlavním strategickým partnerem ze zemí 16+1, jež nejsou členy EU. Podobně je tomu s čínskými investicemi, jejichž drtivá většina se realizovala také v zemích V4.
Občas jsou slyšet žárlivé hlasy ze západních zemí EU, že Čína začíná zaujímat k 16 zemím exkluzivní přístup na úkor západních zemí. Uvedeme-li příklad z oblasti lodní dopravy, prostřednictvím níž probíhá nejvíce globálního obchodu, lze uvést, že dopravní firmy v Německu a Nizozemsku, a s nimi spřízněné vlády v těchto a dalších zemích, vidí ztrátu zájmu o jejich přístavy v Hamburku a Rotterdamu kvůli předpokládanému masivnímu přesunu lodní kontejnerové přepravy do hlavního řeckého přístavu Pireus v Aténách. Důvodem je, že čínská společnost COSCO (China Ocean Shipping Company), vlastněná státem, koupila v roce 2016 většinový podíl přístavu Pireus. Jedná se o strategickou investici, která mění mnohé poměry globálního obchodu. V tomto případě transnacionální rozepře nejde o nich jiného, než o klasický spor o vlastnictví výrobních prostředků.
Otázek zde je více, nicméně hlavní praktickou otázkou je, proč by se měl globální obchod po připlutí kontejnerů z Číny přes Rudé moře do Středozemního moře uskutečňovat přes celé Středozemní moře a poté okolo celé západní Evropy až do drahých přístavů v Hamburku, Rotterdamu a dalších západoevropských měst, když se může doprava značně zkrátit a (ekonomicky a ekologicky) zlevnit přes athénský Pireus a poté plynout vlakovou dopravou přes balkánské země do ostatních zemí Evropy. Vlakové spojení mezi Bělehradem a Budapeští, které Čína začala stavět, je přitom jednou z exemplárních investic do tohoto strategického projektu.
Země 16+1 nedělají nic jiného, než v menším měřítku následují spolupráci USA a západoevropských zemí s Čínou, která intenzívně probíhala v posledních čtyřiceti letech, tedy hlavně po otevření se Číny kolem roku 1978. Nyní přichází příležitost pro země střední a východní Evropy. Čína přitom poskytuje těmto bývalým socialistickým zemím půjčky na levné úroky. Je přitom všem zainteresovaným stranám zřejmé, že příležitosti zde díky automatizaci výroby (robotizaci) budou také ve větší lokalizaci výroby než dosud.
Navíc je třeba vidět, že obchod Číny se zeměmi střední a východní Evropy dosud tvoří jen malé procento celkového obchodu mezi Čínou a EU, který vloni činil 514 miliard USD. Právě díky tomuto velkému podílu západních zemí na obchodu s Čínou je Čína druhým největším obchodním partnerem pro EU. Proměna podílu obchodu s Čínou mezi západními zeměmi na jedné straně a zeměmi střední a východní Evropy na straně druhé může být pozitivním příspěvkem k požadované redistribuci bohatství v Evropě ve jménu snižování nerovností. V uplynulých desetiletích se nůžky v příjmech (například v platech) mezi občany východních a západních zemí EU příliš nezavírají, což vytváří frustraci ve východních zemích. Nelze se tedy divit, že lidé ve východních zemích EU hledají kompenzaci neuspokojivé politiky realizované v EU. Chtějí zůstat členy EU, ale nikoli podřadnými. Především Maďarsko, ze zemí mimo EU Srbsko, je v tomto ohledu nejaktivnější a rozvíjí intenzivní spolupráci s Čínou. Lze se ptát, zda Česko a Slovensko zaujme v dalších letech také aktivnější roli v tomto strategickém projektu 16+1.
Příležitosti patrně budou, nejprve ekonomické. Čínské premiér Li Kche-čchiang na summitu hovořil o tom, že se bude vkládat více financí do fondu investiční spolupráce (The China-Central and Eastern Europe Investment Cooperation Fund) a že bude ustavena nová bankovní asociace pro tyto země (China-CEEC Inter-Bank Association). Spolupráce 16+1 se v prvních pěti letech své existence zatím etablovala. Nyní přichází druhá fáze, kdy se bude moci plněji rozvinout. Větší intenzita spolupráce s sebou jistě přinese celou řadu témat a problémů, jež bude třeba analyzovat. To bude znamenat také mnoho nových oblastí výzkumu. Právě z tohoto důvodu byl letos ustaven nový ústav pro výzkum vztahů mezi zeměmi střední a východní Evropy a Číny s vědeckými pracovníky z těchto zemí.
Strategická spolupráce mezi zeměmi střední a východní Evropy a Čínou bude moci samozřejmě hrát větší roli také díky možnostem většího zapojení zemí střední a východní Evropy do globálního projektu spolupráce nové hedvábné cesty. To bude jistě výzvou také pro Evropskou unii, v níž by – doufejme – mohli země střední a východní Evropy získat příznivější pozici, než jakou měly dosud.
Príloha v angličtine:
FIVE-YEAR OUTCOME LIST OF COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
China-CEEC Cooperation (or “16+1” Cooperation) is a new cooperation platform established in 2012 by China and 16 Central and Eastern European Countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. Thanks to the joint efforts of all participants, under the framework of “16+1” Cooperation, a summit mechanism and cooperation platforms on policy coordination, economy and trade, culture, education, agriculture, transportation, tourism, science and technology, health, think tanks, local exchange, and youth have been established. Remarkable achievements have been made, and resonated well with people from both China and CEE countries. As this year marks the 5th anniversary of “16+1” Cooperation, China has taken stock of the achievements of the past five years and made a outcome list with over 200 items, covering five areas, including policy communication, connectivity, economy and trade, finance, cultural and people-to-people exchange.
1. ESTABLISH POLICY COMMUNICATION PLATFORM
(1) In April 2012, the 1st Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Warsaw, Poland. China and 16 CEECs jointly issued the Press Communiqué of the Meeting between the Prime Ministers of China and Central and Eastern European Countries. China put forward Twelve Measures for Promoting Friendly Cooperation with Central and Eastern European Countries.
(2) In September 2012, the inaugural conference of the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and the 1st China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Beijing, China.
(3) In October 2013, the 2nd China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Bucharest, Romania.
(4) In November 2013, the 2nd Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Bucharest, Romania, and issued the Bucharest Guidelines for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries.
(5) In May 2014, the 3rd China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Beijing, China.
(6) In November 2014, the 4th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Belgrade, Serbia.
(7) In December 2014, the 3rd Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Belgrade, Serbia, and issued the Belgrade Guidelines for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries.
(8) In April 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed the Special Representative for China-CEEC Cooperation.
(9) In July 2015, the 5th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Beijing, China.
(10) In July 2015, a delegation of senior CEEC officials visited Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and Beijing, China.
(11) In October 2015, the 6th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Warsaw, Poland.
(12) In November 2015, the 4th Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Suzhou, China, and issued the Suzhou Guidelines for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and the Medium-Term Agenda for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries.
(13) In February 2016, the 1st Quarterly Meeting of 2016 between the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and CEEC embassies in China was held in Beijing, China.
(14) In April 2016, the 2nd Quarterly Meeting of 2016 between the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and CEEC embassies in China was held in Beijing, China
(15) In May 2016, the Conference of the Presidents of the Supreme Courts of China and CEECs was held in Suzhou, China.
(16) In June 2016, the 7th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Haikou, China.
(17) In August 2016, a delegation of senior CEEC officials visited Fujian Province and Ningxia Province, China.
(18) The 3rd Quarterly Meeting of 2016 between the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and CEEC embassies in China was held in Beijing, China in October 2016.
(19) In October 2016, the 8th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Riga, Latvia.
(20) In October 2016, the China-CEEC Political Parties Dialogue was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(21) In October 2016, the 5th Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Riga, Latvia, and issued the Riga Guidelines for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and the Riga Declaration on infrastructure and equipment cooperation at the Adriatic-Baltic-Black Sea Seaport.
(22) The 4th Quarterly Meeting of 2016 between the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and CEEC embassies in China was held in Beijing, China in December 2016.
(23) The Quarterly Meeting between the Secretariat for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries and CEEC embassies in China was held in Beijing, China in April 2017.
(24) In July 2017, the 9th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Beijing, China.
(25) The China-CEEC Political Parties Dialogue and the 3rd China-CEEC Young Political Leaders‘ Forum were held in Bucharest, Romania in July 2017.
(26) A delegation of high-ranking officials from CEECs visited Beijing, Gansu Province and Hunan Province in August 2017.
(27) The 10th China-CEEC National Coordinators‘ Meeting was held in Budapest, Hungary in October 2017.
(28) In November 2017, the 6th Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Budapest, Hungary.
1. ENHANCE CONNECTIVITY
(29) In June 2014, the 1st meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Beijing, China.
(30) In June 2014, the High Level Conference on Transport, Logistics and Trade Routes: Connecting Asia with Europe was held in Riga, Latvia.
(31) In December 2014, customs representatives from China, Hungary, Macedonia and Serbia signed a framework agreement on facilitation of customs clearance cooperation.
(32) In December 2014, China, Hungary and Serbia signed an interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding on Hungary-Serbia railway cooperation projects.
(33) In January 2015, the 2nd meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Belgrade, Serbia.
(34) In January 2015, the customs clearance facilitation cooperation mechanism for the China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line among the Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian, Macedonian and Greek Customs was officially established.
(35) In March 2015, the 1st Working Group Meeting on Cooperation in Facilitating Customs Clearance Among Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian and Macedonian Customs was held in Shanghai, China.
(36) In May 2015, the 1st Customs Control Techniques Workshop for the China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line among the Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian and Macedonian Customs was held in Shanghai, China.
(37) In May 2015, the Beijing-Budapest regular flight was launched by Air China.
(38) In May 2015, heads of customs of China, Hungary, Serbia and Macedonia met in Xi’an, China, and signed the Cooperation Action Plan for 2015-2016.
(39) In June 2015, China signed with Hungary the Memorandum of Understanding on Jointly Building the “Belt and Road” Initiative.
(40) In July 2015, the 3rd meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(41) In September 2015, China Hainan Airlines launched the Beijing-Prague direct flight.
(42) In October 2015, the Workshop on Customs Clearance Procedures of Transit Goods and Risk Management among the Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian and Macedonian Customs was held in Skopje, Macedonia.
(43) In November 2015, the 4th meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Beijing, China.
(44) In November 2015, China signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Jointly Building the “Belt and Road” Initiative with Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Slovakia.
(45) In November 2015, China and Hungary signed an agreement on the development, construction and financing cooperation of the Hungary Section of the Hungary-Serbia Railway.
(46) In December 2015, the launching ceremony of the Serbia Section of the Hungary-Serbia Railway was held in Novi Sad, Serbia.
(47) In 2015, China signed interdepartmental Memorandum of Understandings on Jointly Building the Silk Road Economic Belt with Macedonia and Romania.
(48) In March 2016, the eRegions on the New eAmber and New eSilk Roads Think Tank Meeting was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
(49) In May 2016, the 1st China-CEEC Transport Ministers Meeting was held in Riga, Latvia. The China-CEEC Secretariat on Logistics Cooperation was established.
(50) In June 2016, China Eastern Airlines launched the Shanghai-Prague direct flight.
(51) In June 2016, the 2nd Working Group Meeting on Cooperation in Facilitating Customs Clearance Among Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian and Macedonian Customs was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(52) In August 2016, China Sichuan Airlines launched the Chengdu-Prague direct flight.
(53) In September 2016, the 5th meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Belgrade, Serbia.
(54) In September 2016, Air China launched the Beijing-Warsaw direct flight.
(55) In November 2016, China signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Jointly Building the “Belt and Road” Initiative with Latvia, and signed bilateral cooperation plans to jointly build the Belt and Road with the government of the Czech Republic.
(56) In November 2016, China signed interdepartmental Memorandum of Understandings on port and harbor industrial park cooperation with Latvia, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Croatia.
(57) In November 2016, China signed with Hungary an agreement for the establishment of a joint venture company for Hungary-Serbia Railway, a construction contract and a Memorandum of Understanding on financing cooperation. China signed with Serbia a commercial contract for the Belgrade Center-Stara Pazova Section of the Hungarian-Serbian Railway Line and a Memorandum of Understanding on financing cooperation.
(58) In 2016, China signed interdepartmental Memorandum of Understandings on enhancing cooperation for Internet Silk Road to promote information connectivity with the Czech Republic, Poland and Serbia respectively.
(59) China-CEEC Coordinating Secretariat for Maritime Issues 16+1 was set up in Warsaw, Poland in February 2017.
(60) In April 2017, the 1+3 Seminar on Customs Valuation of China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line among Chinese, Hungarian, Macedonian and Serbian Customs was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(61) In May 2017, China signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Jointly Building the “Belt and Road” Initiative with Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania.
(62) In May 2017, China and Serbia signed the loan agreements on the modernization and reconstruction of Hungarian-Serbian Railway Line for the Belgrade Center-Stara Pazova Section.
(63) In June 2017, the Workshop on Customs Transshipment Operation of China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line among Chinese, Hungarian, Macedonian and Serbian Customs was held in Ningbo, China.
(64) In June 2017,The 6th meeting of the China-Hungary-Serbia Joint Working Group on Infrastructure Cooperation was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(65) In June 2017, the China-CEEC Customs Cooperation Forum was held in Ningbo, China, and adopted a cooperation initiative on building a partnership of connectivity.
(66) In September 2017, China Hainan Airlines launched the Beijing-Prague-Belgrade flight.
(67) In June 2016, the 3rd Working Group Meeting on Cooperation in Facilitating Customs Clearance Among Chinese, Hungarian, Serbian and Macedonian Customs was held in Belgrade, Serbia.
(68) In October 2017,the 2nd China-CEEC Transport Ministers Meeting & Business Forum was held in Warsaw, Poland.
3. PROMOTE ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND TRADE
(69) In September 2012, the 7th China-CEEC Agro-trade and Economic Cooperation Forum was held in Hefei, China.
(70) In September 2013, the 8th China-CEEC Agro-trade and Economic Cooperation Forum was held in Hefei, China.
(71) In May 2014, the 1st China-CEEC Seminar on Innovation, Technology Cooperation and International Technology Transfer was held in Shanghai, China.
(72) In June 2014, the China-CEEC Ministerial Meeting on Promoting Trade and Economic Cooperation was held in Ningbo, China, and adopted the Joint Document of China-CEEC Ministerial Meeting on Promoting Trade and Economic Cooperation.
(73) In June 2014, the 1st Central and Eastern European Countries‘ Products Fair (CEEC Fair) was held in Ningbo, China.
(74) In August 2014, the China Investment Forum was held in Prague, the Czech Republic.
(75) In September 2014, a China-CEEC symposium on investment promotion was held in Xiamen, China.
(76) In September 2014, the establishment of China-CEEC Investment Promotion Agencies Contact Mechanism was announced in Xiamen, China.
(77) In September 2014, a China-CEEC investment promotion event was held in Xiamen, China.
(78) In October 2014, a promotion event dedicated to CEECs was held in Guangzhou, China, during the 11th China International Small and Medium Enterprises Fair.
(79) In October 2014, the 9th China-CEEC Agro-trade and Economic Cooperation Forum was held in Bucharest, Romania.
(80) In October 2014, an event dedicated to China-CEEC cooperation in environmental technologies was held in Poznan, Poland, during the PolEko fairs.
(81) In November 2014, the 2nd Meeting of the Investment Promotion Agencies Contact Mechanism of China and CEECs was held in Warsaw, Poland.
(82) In 2014, China signed with Romania and the Czech Republic cooperation documents on peaceful use of nuclear energy.
(83) In 2014, China signed with Hungary, Latvia, Serbia, and Macedonia cooperation agreements on quality inspection.
(84) In April 2015, the 1st meeting of the China-CEEC Business Council was held in Katowice, Poland.
(85) In May 2015, China signed with Hungary a Memorandum of Understanding on nuclear energy cooperation.
(86) In June 2015, the launch ceremony of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation and the China-CEEC Agriculture Ministers‘ Meeting were held in Sofia, Bulgaria.
(87) In June 2015, the 1st China-CEEC Investment and Trade Expo and its side events — the 1st China-CEEC Forum on Cooperation Development, the 2nd China-CEEC Special Products Fair and the 1st China-CEEC Investment Cooperation Seminar were held in Ningbo, China.
(88)In September 2015, the 10th China-CEEC Agro-trade and Economic Cooperation Forum and the 1st meeting of the Consultative Board of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation were held in Budapest, Hungary.
(89) In September 2015, the 2nd China-CEEC Seminar on Innovation, Technology Cooperation and International Technology Transfer was held in Bratislava, Slovakia.
(90) In November 2015, the China Investment Forum was held in Prague, the Czech Republic.
(91) In November 2015, China signed with Slovenia a Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the China-CEEC coordination mechanism for forestry cooperation.
(92) In February 2016, the 2nd meeting of the Consultative Board of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation was held in Sofia, Bulgaria.
(93) In May 2016, Sarajevo Business Forum 16+1 was held in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(94) In May 2016, the 1st China-CEEC High-Level Meeting on Cooperation in Forestry and China-CEEC Forestry Business Forum were held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and adopted an action plan for forestry cooperation coordination mechanism.
(95) In June 2016, the 2nd China-CEEC Ministerial Conference on Promoting Trade and Economic Cooperation was held in Ningbo, China and adopted the Ningbo Declaration.
(96) In June 2016, the 2nd China-CEEC Investment and Trade Expo and its side events — the 3rd China-CEEC Special Products Fair, the 3rd meeting of the CEEC Investment Promotion Agencies Contact Mechanism, and the 2nd China-CEEC Investment Cooperation Seminar were held in Ningbo, China.
(97) In June 2016, the 1st China-CEEC Quality Inspection Cooperation Dialogue was held in Ningbo, China, and issued an initiative on e-certificate and trade facilitation.
(98) In October 2016, Poland and Bulgaria participated in the China International Small and Medium Enterprises Fair held in Guangzhou, China.
(99) China attended the Brno International Engineering Fair in Brno, the Czech Republic in October 2016 as a partner country.
(100) In October 2016, the China-CEEC Energy Projects Dialogue and Cooperation Center was established in Bucharest, Romania.
(101) The China Investment Forum was held in Prague in November 2016.
(102) In November 2016, the China-CEEC Agriculture Ministers‘ Meeting was held in Kunming China, issued the Kunming Declaration, and witnessed the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation between the Foreign Economic Cooperation Center of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation.
(103) In November 2016, the 11th China-CEEC Agro-trade Forum and the 3rd meeting of the Consultative Board of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation were held in Kunming, China. The website of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation was launched.
(104) In November 2016, the China-CEEC Conferences on Innovation Cooperation was held in Nanjing, China and issued the Nanjing Declaration.
(105) In November 2016, the Technology Transfer Virtual Center of China and CEECs was formally established.
(106) In February 2017, the China-CEEC coordination mechanism for forestry cooperation held the 1st meeting.
(107) In April 2017, the 4th meeting of the Consultative Board of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation was held in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(108) In April 2017,China-CEEC Agricultural Products and Wine Exhibition was held during the Economic and Trade Fair in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(109) In May 2017,The 2nd China-CEEC Cultural and Creative Industries Forum as well as the 11th International Service Trade Forum was held in Beijing.
(110) In June 2017, the 3rd Investment and Trade Exposition and its side events — the 2nd China-CEEC Forum on Cooperation Development, the 4th China-CEEC Special Products Fair, and the 3rd China-CEEC Investment Cooperation Seminar were held in Ningbo, China.
(111) In June 2017, the 2nd China-CEEC Quality Inspection Cooperation Dialogue was held in Ningbo, China, and issued a joint statement.
(112) In July 2017,China Investment Forum was held in Prague,the Czech Republic.
(113) In July 2017, China signed with Poland a Memorandum of Understanding on nuclear energy cooperation.
(114) China-CEEC Meeting on E-Commerce within the framework of Belt and Road was held in Chengdu in August 2017.
(115) The 2nd China-CEEC Agricultural Ministers‘ Forum as well as the 12th China-CEEC Agro-trade Forum was held in Brdo, Slovenia in August 2017.
(116) In August 2017, the 5th Meeting of the Consultative Board of the China-CEEC Association on Promoting Agricultural Cooperation was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia,
(117) Delegations from CEECs took part in the 15th China International Agricultural Products Fair held in Beijing in September 2017.
(118) In October 2017, the China-CEEC Forestry Research and Education Cooperation International Symposium was held in Beijing, China. CEEC representatives visited the China Yiwu International Forest Products Fair.
(119) The China-CEEC Energy Forum and Expo were held in Bucharest, Romania in November 2017. The Forum issued a white paper on energy cooperation dialogue and a minister’s statement on conducting joint research for energy cooperation.
(120) In November 2017, the 2nd China-CEEC Conferences on Innovation Cooperation was held in Bratislava，Slovakia.
4. IMPROVE FINANCIAL COOPERATION FRAMEWORK
(121) In June 2012, Bank of China set up a branch in Warsaw, Poland.
(122) In November 2012, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China set up a branch in Warsaw, Poland.
(123) In September 2013, the People’s Bank of China signed bilateral currency swap agreements with Hungarian National Bank and State Bank of Albania respectively.
(124) In December 2014, Bank of China set up a branch in Budapest, Hungary.
(125) In December 2014, Bank of China proposed to establish the China-CEEC Coordinated Investment and Financing Framework.
(126) In 2014, Hungarian National Bank and National Bank of Poland invested in the Chinese inter-bank bond market as overseas central banks. Bank of Lithuania invested in the Chinese inter-bank bond market as QFII.
(127) In 2014, the China-CEEC Investment Cooperation Fund (stage one) was officially launched.
(128) In May 2015, the 33rd Meeting of the Central Bank Governors’ Club of the Central Asia, Black Sea Region and Balkan Countries was held in Shanghai, China.
(129) In June 2015, the Hungary Branch of Bank of China was authorized as the first clearing bank for RMB business in the CEE region.
(130) In August 2015, Bank of China set up a branch in Prague, the Czech Republic.
(131) In November 2015, Hungarian National Bank entered China’s inter-bank foreign exchange market.
(132) In April 2016, Bank of China issued 1 billion RMB dim sum bonds on behalf of the Hungarian government.
(133) In June 2016, the People’s Bank of China signed a bilateral currency swap agreement with National Bank of Serbia.
(134) In June 2016, Poland became a formal member of Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank.
(135) In August 2016, National Bank of Slovakia entered China’s inter-bank foreign exchange market.
(136) In August 2016, Bank of China issued 3 billion RMB panda bonds on behalf of the Polish government.
(137) In September 2016, the People’s Bank of China renewed the bilateral currency swap agreement with Hungarian National Bank.
(138) In November 2016, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China established the China-CEEC financial holding company.
(139) In December 2016, China Construction Bank set up a branch in Warsaw, Poland.
(140) Since December 2016, Hungarian Forint and Polish Zloty can be directly exchanged in China’s inter-bank foreign exchange market.
(141) In January 2017, Bank of China set up a branch in Serbia.
(142) In January 2017, China UnionPay and the Hungary Branch of Bank of China issued the Chinese RMB and Hungarian forint dual-currency debit card.
(143) In April 2017, Czech National Bank issued a banking license for Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.
(144) In May 2017, Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank approved Romania as a new prospective member.
(145) In May 2017, Shanghai gold exchange signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hungary Budapest Stock Exchange in Beijing.
(146) In June 2017, Hungary became a formal member of Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank.
(147) In July 2017, Hungary issued 1 billion RMB panda bonds with a three-year maturity in China’s inter-bank bond market.
(148) In October 2017, OTP bank set up a representative office in Beijing.
5. STRENGTHEN CULTURAL AND PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE BONDS
(149) In May 2013, the 1st China-CEEC Ministerial Forum on Cultural Cooperation was held in Beijing, China.
(150) In June 2013, the 1st China-CEEC Education Policy Dialogue was held in Chongqing, China.
(151) In July 2013, the 1st China-CEEC Local Leaders‘ Meeting was held in Chongqing, China.
(152) In August 2013, Chinese Performing Arts delegation visited Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to purchase programs.
(153) In September 2013, curators of national museum of art from CEECs visited China.
(154) In October 2013, the 1st China-CEEC Young Political Leaders‘ Forum was held in Beijing, China.
(155) In December 2013, the 1st China-CEEC High-Level Symposium of Think Tanks was held in Beijing, China.
(156) Since December 2013, citizens of all 16 CEECs are entitled to 72-hour visa-free transit in ports including Beijing and Shanghai.
(157) In April 2014, a delegation of CEEC journalists visited China.
(158) In May 2014, the 1st China-CEEC High-Level Conference on Tourism Cooperation was held in Budapest, Hungary, and China-CEEC Association of Tourism Promotion Agencies and Businesses was officially launched.
(159) In July 2014, Chinese Performing Arts delegation visited Poland, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria to purchase programs.
(160) In August 2014, the 2nd China-CEEC Local Leaders‘ Meeting was held in Prague, the Czech Republic. China signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Promotion of the Establishment of the Association of Governors of Provinces of China with the Czech Republic.
(161) In September 2014, the 2nd China-CEEC High-Level Symposium of Think Tanks was held in Bled, Slovenia.
(162) In September 2014, the 2nd China-CEEC Education Policy Dialogue was held in Tianjin, China.
(163) In September 2014, the China-CEEC Higher Education Institutes Consortium was established in Tianjin, China.
(164) In October 2014, artistic directors of international dance festivals and choreographers from CEECs visited China.
(165) In November 2014, a promotion event of Chinese and CEEC tourism products was held at the China International Travel Mart in Shanghai, China.
(166) From November to December 2014, delegations of Chinese journalists visited CEECs.
(167) From February to October 2015, the Chinese Art Festival was held in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.
(168) In March 2015, the launch ceremony of the Year of Promotion of China-CEEC Tourism Cooperation was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(169) In May 2015, the 1st Meeting of China-CEEC Association of Provincial Governors was held in Hebei Province, China.
(170) In May 2015, Chinese Performing Arts delegation visited Hungary, Serbia and Romania to purchase programs.
(171) In June 2015, a delegation of CEEC journalists visited Zhejiang Province, Henan Province and Beijing, China.
(172) In June 2015, the 1st China-CEEC Health Ministers‘ Forum was held in Prague, the Czech Republic, and issued the Prague Declaration on health cooperation and development.
(173) From July to August 2015, the 1st China-CEEC Summer Dance Camp was organized in Shaanxi Province, China.
(174) From August to September 2015, the 2nd China-CEEC High-Level Conference on Tourism Cooperation was held in Bled, Slovenia.
(175) In September 2015, the 3rd China-CEEC Education Policy Dialogue and the 2nd meeting of the China-CEEC Higher Education Institutes Consortium were held in Warsaw, Poland.
(176) In October 2015, a delegation of artistic directors of CEEC jazz festivals visited China.
(177) In October 2015, the 1st Seminar on Radio and Television Program Production for Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Shanghai, China.
(178) In October 2015, the 2nd China-CEEC Young Political Leaders‘ Forum was held in China.
(179) In November 2015, the 2nd China-CEEC Ministerial Forum on Cultural Cooperation was held in Sofia, Bulgaria.
(180) In December 2015, the 3rd China-CEEC High-Level Symposium of Think Tanks was held in Beijing, China.
(181) In February 2016, the News Conference for the 2016 Year of China-CEEC People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges was held in Beijing, China.
(182) From April to May 2016, composers of CEECs visited China.
(183) In May 2016, the China-CEEC Arts Cooperation Forum was held in Beijing, China.
(184) In May 2016, officials from tourism authorities of CEECs attended the 1st World Conference on Tourism for Development in Beijing, China.
(185) In May 2016, China-CEEC Dance Culture Union was launched in Beijing Dance Academy.
(186) In May 2016, the 1st China-CEEC Literature Forum was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(187) In May 2016, a delegation of CEEC journalists visited Guangdong Province, Jiangxi Province and Beijing, China.
(188) In June 2016, the 3rd China-CEEC Local Leaders‘ Meeting and the 2nd Working Meeting of China-CEEC Association of Governors of Provinces and Regions were held in Tangshan, China, and passed the Articles of China-CEEC Association of Governors of Provinces and Regions and the Tangshan Consensus.
(189) In June 2016, the 2nd China-CEEC Health Ministers‘ Forum was held in Suzhou, China, issued the Suzhou Joint Communiqué, and announced the establishment of China-CEEC Association on the Promotion of Health Cooperation, China-CEEC Hospital Cooperation Alliance and the China-CEEC public health cooperation mechanism.
(190) In June 2016, the 1st China-CEEC Cultural and Creative Industries Forum was held in Belgrade, Serbia.
(191) In June 2016, Chinese Performing Arts delegation visited Slovenia, Slovakia and Croatia to purchase programs.
(192) In June 2016, famous painters from CEECs visited Guizhou Province, China.
(193) From July to August 2016, the 2nd China-CEEC Summer Dance Camp was held in Yunnan and Guizhou, China.
(194) In August 2016, the Beijing International Book Fair with CEECs being the main guests of honor and the China-CEEC Translation Exhibition were held in Beijing, China.
(195) The 1st China-CEEC Forum of Capital City Mayors was held in Sofia, Bulgaria in September 2016.
(196) The 4th China-CEEC Education Policy Dialogue and the 3rd meeting of China-CEEC Higher Education Institutes Consortium were held in Beijing, China in October 2016.
(197) Artistic directors of international opera festivals from CEECs visited China in October 2016.
(198) The 1st China-CEEC Experts‘ Forum on Intangible Cultural Heritage was held in Krakow, Poland in October 2016.
(199) In October 2016, the 1st annual meeting of China-CEEC Dance Culture Union was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
(200) In November 2016, the Seminar on Sinology Research and Chinese Teaching in Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Riga, Latvia.
(201) The Health Qigong Team visited Slovenia and Serbia to hold promotional activities and training sessions in November 2016.
(202) In November 2016, the International Forum of China and Central and Eastern European Countries was held in Riga, Latvia.
(203) In December 2016, the China-CEEC High-Level Symposium of Think Tanks as well as the closing event of the Year of China-CEEC People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges was held in Beijing, China.
(204) China-CEEC Winter Dance Camp was held in Shenzhen in January 2017.
(205) The opening ceremony of China-CEEC Year of Media Cooperation as well as Film Exhibition of CEEC was held in Beijing in February 2017.
(206) China-CEEC Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine was set up in Budapest, Hungary in March 2017.
(207) From January to March 2017, China took part in tourism fairs in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Serbia.
(208) In April 2017, the annual meeting of the China-CEEC Dance Culture Union was held in Skopje, Macedonia.
(209) China-CEEC Cultural Season was kick-started in China in April 2017.
(210) The 1st China-CEEC Cultural Heritage Forum was held in Belgrade, Serbia in May 2017.
(211) The 3rd China-CEEC Health Ministers‘ Forum was held in Budapest, Hungary in June 2017.
(212) The 4th batch of journalists from CEECs visited Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen in June 2017.
(213) The launch ceremony of the Seminar of CEEC scholars was held in Beijing in June 2017.
(214) In June 2017, the China-CEEC Mayors‘ Forum was held in Ningbo, China.
(215) In June 2017, China-CEEC Traditional Chinese Medicine Center in Hungary broke ground.
(216) In July 2017, a delegation of spokespersons from CEECs visited China and the China-CEEC Spokespersons Dialogue was held in Beijing, China.
(217) In July 2017, the International Audit Seminar for SAIs along the Belt and Road Routes was held in Nanjing, China.
(218) The 3rd China-CEEC Summer Dance Camp was held in Chengdu in July 2017.
(219) In August 2017, the 1st China-CEEC Music Camp was held in Macedonia.
(220) The 1st China-CEEC Youth Exchange Camp of Future Bridge was held in Beijing and Xi’an in September 2017.
(221) In September 2017, China-CEEC Music Academy Union and China-CEEC Arts Creation and Research Center were established in Zhejiang Conservatory of Music.
(222) The 1st China-CEEC Development Forum was held in Warsaw, Poland in September 2017.
(223) The 3rd China-CEEC Ministerial Forum on Cultural Cooperation was held in Hangzhou in September 2017.
(224) In September 2017, China-CEEC Libraries Union was officially launched.
(225) The 5th China-CEEC Education Policy Dialogue and the 4th meeting of the China-CEEC Higher Education Institutes Consortium were held in Novi Sad, Serbia in September 2017.
(226) The 2nd China-CEEC Capital Mayors Forum was held in Podgorica, Montenegro in September 2017.
(227) In September 2017, the 2nd China-CEEC High-level Radio and Television Seminar for journalists and editors was held in Nanjing, China.
(228) The 3rd working meeting of the China-CEEC Local Provincial Governors Association was held in Sofia, Bulgaria in October 2017.
(229) In October 2017, Directors of CEEC International Folk Art Festival visited China.
(230) In October 2017, the 1st Dance Master Workshop was held in Beijing Dance Academy.
(231) The 4th China-CEEC High-level Conference on Tourism Cooperation was held in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina in November 2017.
(232) In November 2017, the China-CEEC Think Tanks Network Conference was held in Budapest, Hungary.
(233) In 2016 and 2017, “Martial Arts on the Silk Road” training sessions were held in Hungary, Romania and Croatia.
(Celkovo 6 pozretí, 1 dnes)
